COVLAG Function :: SAS/IML(R) 12.1 User's Guide

COVLAG Function

COVLAG (x, k) ;

The COVLAG function computes a sequence of lagged crossproduct matrices. This function is useful for computing sample autocovariance sequences for scalar or vector time series.

The arguments to the COVLAG function are as follows:

x: is an $n \times nv$ matrix of time series values; is the number of observations, and is the dimension of the random vector.
k: is a scalar, the absolute value of which specifies the number of lags desired. If is positive, a mean correction is made. If is negative, no mean correction is made.

The value returned by the COVLAG function is an $nv \times (k*nv)$ matrix. The th $nv \times nv$ block of the matrix is the sum

$\frac{1}{n} \sum _{j=i}^ n x_ j^{\prime } x_{j-i+1} ~ ~ ~ \mbox{if } k<0$

where is the th row of . If > 0, then the th $nv \times nv$ block of the matrix is

$\frac{1}{n} \sum _{j=i}^ n (x_ j-\bar{x})^{\prime }(x_{j-i+1}-\bar{x})$

where $\bar{x}$ is a row vector of the column means of .

For example, the following statements produce a lagged crossproduct matrix:

x = T(do(-9, 9, 2));
cov = covlag(x, 4);
print cov;

Figure 23.75: Lagged Crossproduct Matrix

cov
33	23.1	13.6	4.9