Three columns are created to indicate group membership of the nonreference levels. For the reference level, all three dummy variables have a value of –1. For example, if the reference level is 7 (REF=7), the design matrix columns for A are as follows.

Parameter estimates of CLASS main effects that use the effect coding scheme estimate the difference in the effect of each nonreference level compared to the average effect over all four levels.

The EFFECT parameterization is the default parameterization in the CATMOD procedure. See the section Generation of the Design Matrix, in Chapter 30: The CATMOD Procedure, for further details about parameterization of model effects with the CATMOD procedure.

As in the GLM procedure, four columns are created to indicate group membership. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.

Parameter estimates of CLASS main effects that use the GLM coding scheme estimate the difference in the effects of each level compared to the last level. See the previous section for details about the GLM parameterization of model effects.

Three columns are created to indicate group membership of the higher levels of the effect. For the first level of the effect (which for A is 1), all three dummy variables have a value of 0. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.

The first level of the effect is a control or baseline level. Parameter estimates of CLASS main effects, using the ORDINAL coding scheme, estimate the differences between effects of successive levels. When the parameters have the same sign, the effect is monotonic across the levels.

Three columns are created. The first represents the linear term , the second represents the quadratic term , and the third represents the cubic term , where x is the level value. If the CLASS levels are not numeric, they are translated into 1, 2, 3, according to their sort order. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.

Three columns are created to indicate group membership of the nonreference levels. For the reference level, all three dummy variables have a value of 0. For example, if the reference level is 7 (REF=7), the design matrix columns for A are as follows.

Parameter estimates of CLASS main effects that use the reference coding scheme estimate the difference in the effect of each nonreference level compared to the effect of the reference level.

The REFERENCE parameterization is also available through the MODEL statement in the CATMOD procedure. See the section Generation of the Design Matrix, in Chapter 30: The CATMOD Procedure, for further details about parameterization of model effects with the CATMOD procedure.

The columns are obtained by applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to the columns for PARAM=EFFECT. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.

The columns are obtained by applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to the columns for PARAM=ORDINAL. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.

The columns are obtained by applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to the columns for PARAM=POLY. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.

The columns are obtained by applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to the columns for PARAM=REFERENCE. The design matrix columns for A are as follows.