The LIFEREG Procedure

Example 57.8 Model Postfitting Analysis

PROC LIFEREG enables you to make model-based inferences. This example uses the larynx cancer data (Klein and Moeschberger, 1997) to illustrate usage of the LSMEANS, LSMESTIMATE, and EFFECTPLOT statements for model postfitting analysis.

The survival time is modeled by a proportional odds model with two covariates: patient age and cancer stage (1, 2, 3, 4). The following statements use PROC LIFEREG to fit this model:

ods graphics on;

proc sort data=Larynx;
   by DESCENDING Stage;
run;

proc lifereg data=Larynx order=data;
   class Stage;
   model Time*Death(0) = Age Stage / dist = llogistic;
   lsmeans Stage / diff adjust=Sidak;
   effectplot / noobs;
run;

The LSMEANS statement compares pairwise differences in survival times among the four different cancer stages, while adjusting for age. The ADJUST=SIDAK option uses the Sidak method to control the overall Type I error rate of these comparisons. Results are displayed in Output 57.8.1.

Output 57.8.1: LS-Means Differences between Disease Stages

The LIFEREG Procedure

Differences of Stage Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Sidak
Stage _Stage Estimate Standard Error z Value Pr > |z| Adj P
4 3 -0.9604 0.4379 -2.19 0.0283 0.1581
4 2 -1.6404 0.4931 -3.33 0.0009 0.0053
4 1 -1.7661 0.4257 -4.15 <.0001 0.0002
3 2 -0.6800 0.4316 -1.58 0.1151 0.5199
3 1 -0.8057 0.3539 -2.28 0.0228 0.1292
2 1 -0.1257 0.4152 -0.30 0.7621 0.9998



All the LS-means differences and their significance are displayed by the mean-mean scatter plot in Output 57.8.2.

Output 57.8.2: Plot of Pairwise LS-Means Differences

Plot of Pairwise LS-Means Differences


Suppose you want to jointly test whether the effects of stages 2, 3, and 4 are different from stage 1. The following LSMESTIMATE statement contrasts the LS-means of stages 2, 3, and 4 against the LS-means of stage 1:

proc lifereg data=Larynx order=data;
   class Stage year;
   model Time*Death(0) = Age Stage / dist = llogistic;
   lsmestimate Stage 'Stage 4 vs 1' 1 0 0 -1,
                     'Stage 3 vs 1' 0 1 0 -1,
                     'Stage 2 vs 1' 0 0 1 -1 / cl adjust=Sidak;
run;

The CL option produces 95% confidence limits, including both unadjusted ones and those adjusted for multiple comparisons according to the ADJUST= option. Results are displayed in Output 57.8.3.

Output 57.8.3: Custom LS-Means Tests and Relative Odds

The LIFEREG Procedure

Least Squares Means Estimates
Adjustment for Multiplicity: Sidak
Effect Label Estimate Standard Error z Value Pr > |z| Adj P Alpha Lower Upper Adj Lower Adj Upper
Stage Stage 4 vs 1 -1.7661 0.4257 -4.15 <.0001 0.0001 0.05 -2.6004 -0.9319 -2.7825 -0.7498
Stage Stage 3 vs 1 -0.8057 0.3539 -2.28 0.0228 0.0668 0.05 -1.4993 -0.1122 -1.6507 0.03921
Stage Stage 2 vs 1 -0.1257 0.4152 -0.30 0.7621 0.9865 0.05 -0.9395 0.6881 -1.1171 0.8657



As displayed in Output 57.8.4, the EFFECTPLOT statement generates a plot of age effects on survival time on a natural logarithm scale by four disease stages.

Output 57.8.4: Age Effects by Disease Stages

Age Effects by Disease Stages


You can also perform the preceding analysis for a Bayesian model. The following statements generate posterior samples from a Bayesian model and request an LS-means analysis to compare the stage effects:

proc lifereg data=Larynx order=data;
   class Stage;
   model Time*Death(0) = Age Stage / dist = llogistic;
   bayes seed=100 nmc=500 nbi=500 diagnostic=none outpost=OOO;
   lsmeans Stage / diff exp;
   lsmestimate Stage 'Stage 4 vs 1' 1 0 0 -1,
                     'Stage 3 vs 1' 0 1 0 -1,
                     'Stage 2 vs 1' 0 0 1 -1
                        / cl plots=boxplot(orient=horizontal);
run;

Because no prior distributions for the regression coefficients were specified, the default uniform improper distributions shown in the "Uniform Prior for Regression Coefficients" table in Output 57.8.5 are used. The specified gamma prior for the scale parameter is also shown in Output 57.8.5.

Output 57.8.5: Model Parameter Priors

The LIFEREG Procedure
 
Bayesian Analysis

Uniform Prior for Regression
Coefficients
Parameter Prior
Intercept Constant
Age Constant
Stage4 Constant
Stage3 Constant
Stage2 Constant

Independent Prior Distributions for Model Parameters
Parameter Prior Distribution Hyperparameters
Scale Gamma Shape 0.001 Inverse Scale 0.001



Under the Bayesian framework, the LS-means differences are treated as random variables for which posterior samples are readily available according to the linear relationship of LS-means and the regression coefficients. Output 57.8.6 lists the sample mean, standard deviation, and percentiles for each LS-means difference.

Output 57.8.6: LS-Means Differences between Disease Stages

Sample Differences of Stage Least Squares Means
Stage _Stage N Estimate Standard Deviation Percentiles Exponentiated Standard Error of
Exponentiated
Percentiles for
Exponentiated
25th 50th 75th 25th 50th 75th
4 3 500 -0.9307 0.4752 -1.2743 -0.9446 -0.6086 0.4426 0.232690 0.2796 0.3888 0.5441
4 2 500 -1.6591 0.5327 -2.0161 -1.6573 -1.2861 0.2181 0.115808 0.1332 0.1907 0.2763
4 1 500 -1.8001 0.4321 -2.0951 -1.7943 -1.5491 0.1815 0.082975 0.1231 0.1663 0.2124
3 2 500 -0.7284 0.4828 -1.0488 -0.7219 -0.3975 0.5410 0.268735 0.3504 0.4858 0.6720
3 1 500 -0.8694 0.3727 -1.1199 -0.8541 -0.6149 0.4488 0.168055 0.3263 0.4257 0.5407
2 1 500 -0.1410 0.4413 -0.4126 -0.1417 0.1363 0.9585 0.462376 0.6619 0.8679 1.1461



The LSMESTIMATE statement produces summary statistics of the posterior samples for the specified LS-means contrasts. Results are presented in Output 57.8.7; they are very similar to the results based on maximum likelihood in Output 57.8.3.

Output 57.8.7: Summary Statistics of Custom LS-Means Differences

Sample Least Squares Means Estimates
Effect Label N Estimate Standard Deviation Percentiles Alpha Lower HPD Upper HPD
25th 50th 75th
Stage Stage 4 vs 1 500 -1.8001 0.4321 -2.0951 -1.7943 -1.5491 0.05 -2.6279 -0.8897
Stage Stage 3 vs 1 500 -0.8694 0.3727 -1.1199 -0.8541 -0.6149 0.05 -1.6033 -0.2031
Stage Stage 2 vs 1 500 -0.1410 0.4413 -0.4126 -0.1417 0.1363 0.05 -1.1401 0.6252



The PLOTS= option uses ODS Graphics to display the Bayesian samples. A box plot is presented in Output 57.8.8.

Output 57.8.8: Box Plot of Sampled LS-Means Differences

Box Plot of Sampled LS-Means Differences