Consider a study of the effects on taste of various cheese additives. Researchers tested four cheese additives and obtained
52 response ratings for each additive. Each response was measured on a scale of nine categories ranging from strong dislike
(1) to excellent taste (9). The data, given in McCullagh and Nelder (1989, p. 175) in the form of a two-way frequency table of additive by rating, are saved in the data set Cheese
by using the following program. The variable y
contains the response rating. The variable Additive
specifies the cheese additive (1, 2, 3, or 4). The variable freq
gives the frequency with which each additive received each rating.
data Cheese; do Additive = 1 to 4; do y = 1 to 9; input freq @@; output; end; end; label y='Taste Rating'; datalines; 0 0 1 7 8 8 19 8 1 6 9 12 11 7 6 1 0 0 1 1 6 8 23 7 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 14 16 11 ;
The response variable y
is ordinally scaled. A cumulative logit model is used to investigate the effects of the cheese additives on taste. The following
statements invoke PROC LOGISTIC to fit this model with y
as the response variable and three indicator variables as explanatory variables, with the fourth additive as the reference
level. With this parameterization, each Additive
parameter compares an additive to the fourth additive. The COVB
option displays the estimated covariance matrix, and the NOODDSRATIO
option suppresses the default odds ratio table. The ODDSRATIO
statement computes odds ratios for all combinations of the Additive
levels. The PLOTS
option produces a graphical display of the odds ratios, and the EFFECTPLOT
statement displays the predicted probabilities.
ods graphics on; proc logistic data=Cheese plots(only)=oddsratio(range=clip); freq freq; class Additive (param=ref ref='4'); model y=Additive / covb nooddsratio; oddsratio Additive; effectplot / polybar; title 'Multiple Response Cheese Tasting Experiment'; run; ods graphics off;
The "Response Profile" table in Output 60.3.1 shows that the strong dislike (y
=1) end of the rating scale is associated with lower Ordered Values in the "Response Profile" table; hence the probability
of disliking the additives is modeled.
The score chi-square for testing the proportional odds assumption is 17.287, which is not significant with respect to a chi-square
distribution with 21 degrees of freedom . This indicates that the proportional odds assumption is reasonable. The positive value (1.6128) for the parameter estimate
for Additive1
indicates a tendency toward the lower-numbered categories of the first cheese additive relative to the fourth. In other words,
the fourth additive tastes better than the first additive. The second and third additives are both less favorable than the
fourth additive. The relative magnitudes of these slope estimates imply the preference ordering: fourth, first, third, second.
Output 60.3.1: Proportional Odds Model Regression Analysis
Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | DF | Estimate | Standard Error |
Wald Chi-Square |
Pr > ChiSq | |
Intercept | 1 | 1 | -7.0801 | 0.5624 | 158.4851 | <.0001 |
Intercept | 2 | 1 | -6.0249 | 0.4755 | 160.5500 | <.0001 |
Intercept | 3 | 1 | -4.9254 | 0.4272 | 132.9484 | <.0001 |
Intercept | 4 | 1 | -3.8568 | 0.3902 | 97.7087 | <.0001 |
Intercept | 5 | 1 | -2.5205 | 0.3431 | 53.9704 | <.0001 |
Intercept | 6 | 1 | -1.5685 | 0.3086 | 25.8374 | <.0001 |
Intercept | 7 | 1 | -0.0669 | 0.2658 | 0.0633 | 0.8013 |
Intercept | 8 | 1 | 1.4930 | 0.3310 | 20.3439 | <.0001 |
Additive | 1 | 1 | 1.6128 | 0.3778 | 18.2265 | <.0001 |
Additive | 2 | 1 | 4.9645 | 0.4741 | 109.6427 | <.0001 |
Additive | 3 | 1 | 3.3227 | 0.4251 | 61.0931 | <.0001 |
The odds ratio results in Output 60.3.2 show the preferences more clearly. For example, the "Additive 1 vs 4" odds ratio says that the first additive has 5.017 times the odds of receiving a lower score than the fourth additive; that is, the first additive is 5.017 times more likely than the fourth additive to receive a lower score. Output 60.3.3 displays the odds ratios graphically; the range of the confidence limits is truncated by the RANGE=CLIP option, so you can see that "1" is not contained in any of the intervals.
Output 60.3.2: Odds Ratios of All Pairs of Additive Levels
Odds Ratio Estimates and Wald Confidence Intervals | |||
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | Estimate | 95% Confidence Limits | |
Additive 1 vs 2 | 0.035 | 0.015 | 0.080 |
Additive 1 vs 3 | 0.181 | 0.087 | 0.376 |
Additive 1 vs 4 | 5.017 | 2.393 | 10.520 |
Additive 2 vs 3 | 5.165 | 2.482 | 10.746 |
Additive 2 vs 4 | 143.241 | 56.558 | 362.777 |
Additive 3 vs 4 | 27.734 | 12.055 | 63.805 |
The estimated covariance matrix of the parameters is displayed in Output 60.3.4.
Output 60.3.4: Estimated Covariance Matrix
Estimated Covariance Matrix | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Intercept_1 | Intercept_2 | Intercept_3 | Intercept_4 | Intercept_5 | Intercept_6 | Intercept_7 | Intercept_8 | Additive1 | Additive2 | Additive3 |
Intercept_1 | 0.316291 | 0.219581 | 0.176278 | 0.147694 | 0.114024 | 0.091085 | 0.057814 | 0.041304 | -0.09419 | -0.18686 | -0.13565 |
Intercept_2 | 0.219581 | 0.226095 | 0.177806 | 0.147933 | 0.11403 | 0.091081 | 0.057813 | 0.041304 | -0.09421 | -0.18161 | -0.13569 |
Intercept_3 | 0.176278 | 0.177806 | 0.182473 | 0.148844 | 0.114092 | 0.091074 | 0.057807 | 0.0413 | -0.09427 | -0.1687 | -0.1352 |
Intercept_4 | 0.147694 | 0.147933 | 0.148844 | 0.152235 | 0.114512 | 0.091109 | 0.05778 | 0.041277 | -0.09428 | -0.14717 | -0.13118 |
Intercept_5 | 0.114024 | 0.11403 | 0.114092 | 0.114512 | 0.117713 | 0.091821 | 0.057721 | 0.041162 | -0.09246 | -0.11415 | -0.11207 |
Intercept_6 | 0.091085 | 0.091081 | 0.091074 | 0.091109 | 0.091821 | 0.09522 | 0.058312 | 0.041324 | -0.08521 | -0.09113 | -0.09122 |
Intercept_7 | 0.057814 | 0.057813 | 0.057807 | 0.05778 | 0.057721 | 0.058312 | 0.07064 | 0.04878 | -0.06041 | -0.05781 | -0.05802 |
Intercept_8 | 0.041304 | 0.041304 | 0.0413 | 0.041277 | 0.041162 | 0.041324 | 0.04878 | 0.109562 | -0.04436 | -0.0413 | -0.04143 |
Additive1 | -0.09419 | -0.09421 | -0.09427 | -0.09428 | -0.09246 | -0.08521 | -0.06041 | -0.04436 | 0.142715 | 0.094072 | 0.092128 |
Additive2 | -0.18686 | -0.18161 | -0.1687 | -0.14717 | -0.11415 | -0.09113 | -0.05781 | -0.0413 | 0.094072 | 0.22479 | 0.132877 |
Additive3 | -0.13565 | -0.13569 | -0.1352 | -0.13118 | -0.11207 | -0.09122 | -0.05802 | -0.04143 | 0.092128 | 0.132877 | 0.180709 |
Output 60.3.5 displays the probability of each taste rating y
within each additive. You can see that Additive
=1 mostly receives ratings of 5 to 7, Additive
=2 mostly receives ratings of 2 to 5, Additive
=3 mostly receives ratings of 4 to 6, and Additive
=4 mostly receives ratings of 7 to 9, which also confirms the previously discussed preference orderings.