The PLAN Procedure
Occasionally, you might need to generate all possible permutations of n things, or all possible combinations of n things taken m at a time.
For example, suppose you are planning an experiment in cognitive psychology where you want to present four successive stimuli to each subject. You want to observe each permutation of the four stimuli. The following statements use PROC PLAN to create a data set containing all possible permutations of four numbers in random order.
title 'All Permutations of 1,2,3,4';
proc plan seed=60359;
factors Subject = 24
Order = 4 ordered;
treatments Stimulus = 4 perm;
output out=Psych;
run;
proc sort data=Psych out=Psych;
by Subject Order;
run;
proc transpose data= Psych(rename=(Order=_NAME_))
out =tPsych(drop=_NAME_);
by Subject;
var Stimulus;
run;
proc print data=tPsych noobs;
run;
The variable Subject is set at 24 levels because there are 
total permutations to be listed. If 
, the list repeats. Output 74.6.1 displays the PROC PLAN output. Note that the variable Subject is listed in random order.
Output 74.6.1: List of Permutations
| Subject | Order | Stimulus | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 15 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| 24 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 17 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| 19 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 14 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 23 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
| 8 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 13 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 16 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 18 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| 21 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| 22 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 10 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 11 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 20 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
The output data set Psych contains 96 observations of the 3 variables (Subject, Order, and Stimulus). Sorting the output data set by Subject and by Order within Subject results in all possible permutations of Stimulus in random order. PROC TABULATE displays these permutations in Output 74.6.2.
Output 74.6.2: Randomized Permutations
| All Permutations of 1,2,3,4 |
| Subject | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 8 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| 9 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 11 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| 12 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 13 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 14 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| 15 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| 16 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 17 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| 18 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| 19 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 20 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| 21 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| 22 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 23 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
| 24 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
As another example, suppose you have six alternative treatments, any four of which can occur together in a block (in no particular order). The following statements use PROC PLAN to create a data set containing all possible combinations of six numbers taken four at a time. In this case, you use ODS to create the data set.
title 'All Combinations of (6 Choose 4) Integers';
proc plan;
factors Block=15 ordered
Treat= 4 of 6 comb;
ods output Plan=Combinations;
run;
proc print data=Combinations noobs; run;
The variable Block has 15 levels since there are a total of 
combinations of four integers chosen from six integers. The data set formed by ODS from the displayed plan has one row for
each block, with the four values of Treat corresponding to four different variables, as shown in Output 74.6.3 and Output 74.6.4.