The REG Procedure

Example 79.4 Regression with Quantitative and Qualitative Variables

At times it is desirable to have independent variables in the model that are qualitative rather than quantitative. This is easily handled in a regression framework. Regression uses qualitative variables to distinguish between populations. There are two main advantages of fitting both populations in one model. You gain the ability to test for different slopes or intercepts in the populations, and more degrees of freedom are available for the analysis.

Regression with qualitative variables is different from analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. Analysis of variance uses qualitative independent variables only. Analysis of covariance uses quantitative variables in addition to the qualitative variables in order to account for correlation in the data and reduce MSE; however, the quantitative variables are not of primary interest and merely improve the precision of the analysis.

Consider the case where is the dependent variable, $\mb {X1}_ i$ is a quantitative variable, $\mb {X2}_ i$ is a qualitative variable taking on values 0 or 1, and $\mb {X1}_ i\mb {X2}_ i$ is the interaction. The variable $\mb {X2}_ i$ is called a dummy, binary, or indicator variable. With values 0 or 1, it distinguishes between two populations. The model is of the form

$\mb {Y}_ i = \beta _0 + \beta _1 \mb {X1}_ i + \beta _2 \mb {X2}_ i + \beta _3 \mb {X1}_ i\mb {X2}_ i + \bepsilon _ i$

for the observations $i=1,2,\ldots ,n$ . The parameters to be estimated are $\beta _0$ , $\beta _1$ , $\beta _2$ , and $\beta _3$ . The number of dummy variables used is one less than the number of qualitative levels. This yields a nonsingular $\mb {X’X}$ matrix. See Chapter 10 of Neter, Wasserman, and Kutner (1990) for more details.

An example from Neter, Wasserman, and Kutner (1990) follows. An economist is investigating the relationship between the size of an insurance firm and the speed at which it implements new insurance innovations. He believes that the type of firm might affect this relationship and suspects that there might be some interaction between the size and type of firm. The dummy variable in the model enables the two firms to have different intercepts. The interaction term enables the firms to have different slopes as well.

In this study, $\mb {Y}_ i$ is the number of months from the time the first firm implemented the innovation to the time it was implemented by the ith firm. The variable $\mb {X1}_ i$ is the size of the firm, measured in total assets of the firm. The variable $\mb {X2}_ i$ denotes the firm type; it is 0 if the firm is a mutual fund company and 1 if the firm is a stock company. The dummy variable enables each firm type to have a different intercept and slope.

The previous model can be broken down into a model for each firm type by plugging in the values for $\mb {X2}_ i$ . If $\mb {X2}_ i=0$ , the model is

$\mb {Y}_ i = \beta _0 + \beta _1 \mb {X1}_ i + \bepsilon _ i$

This is the model for a mutual company. If $\mb {X2}_ i=1$ , the model for a stock firm is

$\mb {Y}_ i = (\beta _0 + \beta _2) + (\beta _1 + \beta _3) \mb {X1}_ i + \bepsilon _ i$

This model has intercept $\beta _0 + \beta _2$ and slope $\beta _1 + \beta _3$ .

The data^[1] follow. Note that the interaction term is created in the DATA step since polynomial effects such as size*type are not allowed in the MODEL statement in the REG procedure.

title 'Regression with Quantitative and Qualitative Variables';
data insurance;
   input time size type @@;
   sizetype=size*type;
   datalines;
17 151 0   26  92 0   21 175 0   30  31 0   22 104 0   0  277 0   12 210 0   
19 120 0    4 290 0   16 238 0   28 164 1   15 272 1   11 295 1   38  68 1   
31  85 1   21 224 1   20 166 1   13 305 1   30 124 1   14 246 1
;

The following statements begin the analysis and produce the ANOVA table in Output 79.4.1:

proc reg data=insurance;
   model time = size type sizetype;
run;

Output 79.4.1: ANOVA Table and Parameter Estimates

Regression with Quantitative and Qualitative Variables

The REG Procedure

Model: MODEL1

Dependent Variable: time

Analysis of Variance
Source	DF	Sum of Squares	Mean Square	F Value	Pr > F
Model	3	1504.41904	501.47301	45.49	<.0001
Error	16	176.38096	11.02381
Corrected Total	19	1680.80000

Root MSE	3.32021	R-Square	0.8951
Dependent Mean	19.40000	Adj R-Sq	0.8754
Coeff Var	17.11450

Parameter Estimates
Variable	DF	Parameter Estimate	Standard Error	t Value	Pr > \|t\|
Intercept	1	33.83837	2.44065	13.86	<.0001
size	1	-0.10153	0.01305	-7.78	<.0001
type	1	8.13125	3.65405	2.23	0.0408
sizetype	1	-0.00041714	0.01833	-0.02	0.9821

The overall F statistic is significant (F = 45.490, p < 0.0001). The interaction term is not significant (t = –0.023, p = 0.9821). Hence, this term should be removed and the model refitted, as shown in the following statements:

   delete sizetype;
   print;
run;

The DELETE statement removes the interaction term (sizetype) from the model. The new ANOVA and parameter estimates tables are shown in Output 79.4.2.

Output 79.4.2: ANOVA Table and Parameter Estimates

Analysis of Variance
Source	DF	Sum of Squares	Mean Square	F Value	Pr > F
Model	2	1504.41333	752.20667	72.50	<.0001
Error	17	176.38667	10.37569
Corrected Total	19	1680.80000

Root MSE	3.22113	R-Square	0.8951
Dependent Mean	19.40000	Adj R-Sq	0.8827
Coeff Var	16.60377

Parameter Estimates
Variable	DF	Parameter Estimate	Standard Error	t Value	Pr > \|t\|
Intercept	1	33.87407	1.81386	18.68	<.0001
size	1	-0.10174	0.00889	-11.44	<.0001
type	1	8.05547	1.45911	5.52	<.0001

The overall F statistic is still significant (F = 72.497, p < 0.0001). The intercept and the coefficients associated with size and type are significantly different from zero (t = 18.675, p < 0.0001; t = –11.443, p < 0.0001; t = 5.521, p < 0.0001, respectively). Notice that the R square did not change with the omission of the interaction term.

The fitted model is

$\mbox{\Variable{time}} = 33.87 - 0.102 \times \mbox{\Variable{size}} + 8.055 \times \mbox{\Variable{type}}$

The fitted model for a mutual fund company () is

$\mbox{\Variable{time}} = 33.87 - 0.102 \times \mbox{\Variable{size}}$

and the fitted model for a stock company () is

$\mbox{\Variable{time}} = (33.87 + 8.055) - 0.102 \times \mbox{\Variable{size}}$

So the two models have different intercepts but the same slope.

The following statements first use an OUTPUT statement to save the residuals and predicted values from the new model in the OUT= data set. Next PROC SGPLOT is used to produce Output 79.4.3, which plots residuals versus predicted values. The firm type is used as the plot symbol; this can be useful in determining if the firm types have different residual patterns.

   output out=out r=r p=p;
run;

proc sgplot data=out;
   scatter x=p y=r / markerchar=type group=type;
run;

Output 79.4.3: Plot of Residual vs. Predicted Values

The residuals show no major trend. Neither firm type by itself shows a trend either. This indicates that the model is satisfactory.

The following statements produce the plot of the predicted values versus size that appears in Output 79.4.4, where the firm type is again used as the plotting symbol:

proc sgplot data=out;
   scatter x=size y=p / markerchar=type group=type;
run;

Output 79.4.4: Plot of Predicted vs. Size

The different intercepts are very evident in this plot.