The LOGISTIC Procedure

Example 58.6 Logistic Regression Diagnostics

In a controlled experiment to study the effect of the rate and volume of air intake on a transient reflex vasoconstriction in the skin of the digits, 39 tests under various combinations of rate and volume of air intake were obtained (Finney, 1947). The endpoint of each test is whether or not vasoconstriction occurred. Pregibon (1981) uses this set of data to illustrate the diagnostic measures he proposes for detecting influential observations and to quantify their effects on various aspects of the maximum likelihood fit.

The vasoconstriction data are saved in the data set vaso:

data vaso;
   length Response $12;
   input Volume Rate Response @@;
   LogVolume=log(Volume);
   LogRate=log(Rate);
   datalines;
3.70  0.825  constrict       3.50  1.09   constrict
1.25  2.50   constrict       0.75  1.50   constrict
0.80  3.20   constrict       0.70  3.50   constrict
0.60  0.75   no_constrict    1.10  1.70   no_constrict
0.90  0.75   no_constrict    0.90  0.45   no_constrict
0.80  0.57   no_constrict    0.55  2.75   no_constrict
0.60  3.00   no_constrict    1.40  2.33   constrict
0.75  3.75   constrict       2.30  1.64   constrict
3.20  1.60   constrict       0.85  1.415  constrict
1.70  1.06   no_constrict    1.80  1.80   constrict
0.40  2.00   no_constrict    0.95  1.36   no_constrict
1.35  1.35   no_constrict    1.50  1.36   no_constrict
1.60  1.78   constrict       0.60  1.50   no_constrict
1.80  1.50   constrict       0.95  1.90   no_constrict
1.90  0.95   constrict       1.60  0.40   no_constrict
2.70  0.75   constrict       2.35  0.03   no_constrict
1.10  1.83   no_constrict    1.10  2.20   constrict
1.20  2.00   constrict       0.80  3.33   constrict
0.95  1.90   no_constrict    0.75  1.90   no_constrict
1.30  1.625  constrict
;

In the data set vaso, the variable Response represents the outcome of a test. The variable LogVolume represents the log of the volume of air intake, and the variable LogRate represents the log of the rate of air intake.

The following statements invoke PROC LOGISTIC to fit a logistic regression model to the vasoconstriction data, where Response is the response variable, and LogRate and LogVolume are the explanatory variables. Regression diagnostics are displayed when ODS Graphics is enabled, and the INFLUENCE option is specified to display a table of the regression diagnostics.

ods graphics on;
title 'Occurrence of Vasoconstriction';
proc logistic data=vaso;
   model Response=LogRate LogVolume/influence;
run;
ods graphics off;

Results of the model fit are shown in Output 58.6.1. Both LogRate and LogVolume are statistically significant to the occurrence of vasoconstriction (p = 0.0131 and p = 0.0055, respectively). Their positive parameter estimates indicate that a higher inspiration rate or a larger volume of air intake is likely to increase the probability of vasoconstriction.

Output 58.6.1: Logistic Regression Analysis for Vasoconstriction Data

Occurrence of Vasoconstriction

The LOGISTIC Procedure

Model Information
Data Set WORK.VASO
Response Variable Response
Number of Response Levels 2
Model binary logit
Optimization Technique Fisher's scoring

Number of Observations Read 39
Number of Observations Used 39

Response Profile
Ordered
Value
Response Total
Frequency
1 constrict 20
2 no_constrict 19

Probability modeled is Response='constrict'.


Model Convergence Status
Convergence criterion (GCONV=1E-8) satisfied.

Model Fit Statistics
Criterion Intercept Only Intercept and
Covariates
AIC 56.040 35.227
SC 57.703 40.218
-2 Log L 54.040 29.227

Testing Global Null Hypothesis: BETA=0
Test Chi-Square DF Pr > ChiSq
Likelihood Ratio 24.8125 2 <.0001
Score 16.6324 2 0.0002
Wald 7.8876 2 0.0194

Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Estimates
Parameter DF Estimate Standard
Error
Wald
Chi-Square
Pr > ChiSq
Intercept 1 -2.8754 1.3208 4.7395 0.0295
LogRate 1 4.5617 1.8380 6.1597 0.0131
LogVolume 1 5.1793 1.8648 7.7136 0.0055

Odds Ratio Estimates
Effect Point Estimate 95% Wald
Confidence Limits
LogRate 95.744 2.610 >999.999
LogVolume 177.562 4.592 >999.999

Association of Predicted Probabilities and
Observed Responses
Percent Concordant 93.7 Somers' D 0.874
Percent Discordant 6.3 Gamma 0.874
Percent Tied 0.0 Tau-a 0.448
Pairs 380 c 0.937


The INFLUENCE option displays the values of the explanatory variables (LogRate and LogVolume) for each observation, a column for each diagnostic produced, and the case number that represents the sequence number of the observation (Output 58.6.2).

Output 58.6.2: Regression Diagnostics from the INFLUENCE Option

Regression Diagnostics
Case
Number
Covariates Pearson Residual Deviance Residual Hat Matrix Diagonal Intercept DfBeta LogRate DfBeta LogVolume DfBeta Confidence Interval
Displacement C
Confidence Interval
Displacement
CBar
Delta Deviance Delta Chi-Square
LogRate LogVolume
1 -0.1924 1.3083 0.2205 0.3082 0.0927 -0.0165 0.0193 0.0556 0.00548 0.00497 0.1000 0.0536
2 0.0862 1.2528 0.1349 0.1899 0.0429 -0.0134 0.0151 0.0261 0.000853 0.000816 0.0369 0.0190
3 0.9163 0.2231 0.2923 0.4049 0.0612 -0.0492 0.0660 0.0589 0.00593 0.00557 0.1695 0.0910
4 0.4055 -0.2877 3.5181 2.2775 0.0867 1.0734 -0.9302 -1.0180 1.2873 1.1756 6.3626 13.5523
5 1.1632 -0.2231 0.5287 0.7021 0.1158 -0.0832 0.1411 0.0583 0.0414 0.0366 0.5296 0.3161
6 1.2528 -0.3567 0.6090 0.7943 0.1524 -0.0922 0.1710 0.0381 0.0787 0.0667 0.6976 0.4376
7 -0.2877 -0.5108 -0.0328 -0.0464 0.00761 -0.00280 0.00274 0.00265 8.321E-6 8.258E-6 0.00216 0.00109
8 0.5306 0.0953 -1.0196 -1.1939 0.0559 -0.1444 0.0613 0.0570 0.0652 0.0616 1.4870 1.1011
9 -0.2877 -0.1054 -0.0938 -0.1323 0.0342 -0.0178 0.0173 0.0153 0.000322 0.000311 0.0178 0.00911
10 -0.7985 -0.1054 -0.0293 -0.0414 0.00721 -0.00245 0.00246 0.00211 6.256E-6 6.211E-6 0.00172 0.000862
11 -0.5621 -0.2231 -0.0370 -0.0523 0.00969 -0.00361 0.00358 0.00319 0.000014 0.000013 0.00274 0.00138
12 1.0116 -0.5978 -0.5073 -0.6768 0.1481 -0.1173 0.0647 0.1651 0.0525 0.0447 0.5028 0.3021
13 1.0986 -0.5108 -0.7751 -0.9700 0.1628 -0.0931 -0.00946 0.1775 0.1395 0.1168 1.0577 0.7175
14 0.8459 0.3365 0.2559 0.3562 0.0551 -0.0414 0.0538 0.0527 0.00404 0.00382 0.1307 0.0693
15 1.3218 -0.2877 0.4352 0.5890 0.1336 -0.0940 0.1408 0.0643 0.0337 0.0292 0.3761 0.2186
16 0.4947 0.8329 0.1576 0.2215 0.0402 -0.0198 0.0234 0.0307 0.00108 0.00104 0.0501 0.0259
17 0.4700 1.1632 0.0709 0.1001 0.0172 -0.00630 0.00701 0.00914 0.000089 0.000088 0.0101 0.00511
18 0.3471 -0.1625 2.9062 2.1192 0.0954 0.9595 -0.8279 -0.8477 0.9845 0.8906 5.3817 9.3363
19 0.0583 0.5306 -1.0718 -1.2368 0.1315 -0.2591 0.2024 -0.00488 0.2003 0.1740 1.7037 1.3227
20 0.5878 0.5878 0.2405 0.3353 0.0525 -0.0331 0.0421 0.0518 0.00338 0.00320 0.1156 0.0610
21 0.6931 -0.9163 -0.1076 -0.1517 0.0373 -0.0180 0.0158 0.0208 0.000465 0.000448 0.0235 0.0120
22 0.3075 -0.0513 -0.4193 -0.5691 0.1015 -0.1449 0.1237 0.1179 0.0221 0.0199 0.3437 0.1956
23 0.3001 0.3001 -1.0242 -1.1978 0.0761 -0.1961 0.1275 0.0357 0.0935 0.0864 1.5212 1.1355
24 0.3075 0.4055 -1.3684 -1.4527 0.0717 -0.1281 0.0410 -0.1004 0.1558 0.1447 2.2550 2.0171
25 0.5766 0.4700 0.3347 0.4608 0.0587 -0.0403 0.0570 0.0708 0.00741 0.00698 0.2193 0.1190
26 0.4055 -0.5108 -0.1595 -0.2241 0.0548 -0.0366 0.0329 0.0373 0.00156 0.00147 0.0517 0.0269
27 0.4055 0.5878 0.3645 0.4995 0.0661 -0.0327 0.0496 0.0788 0.0101 0.00941 0.2589 0.1423
28 0.6419 -0.0513 -0.8989 -1.0883 0.0647 -0.1423 0.0617 0.1025 0.0597 0.0559 1.2404 0.8639
29 -0.0513 0.6419 0.8981 1.0876 0.1682 0.2367 -0.1950 0.0286 0.1961 0.1631 1.3460 0.9697
30 -0.9163 0.4700 -0.0992 -0.1400 0.0507 -0.0224 0.0227 0.0159 0.000554 0.000526 0.0201 0.0104
31 -0.2877 0.9933 0.6198 0.8064 0.2459 0.1165 -0.0996 0.1322 0.1661 0.1253 0.7755 0.5095
32 -3.5066 0.8544 -0.00073 -0.00103 0.000022 -3.22E-6 3.405E-6 2.48E-6 1.18E-11 1.18E-11 1.065E-6 5.324E-7
33 0.6043 0.0953 -1.2062 -1.3402 0.0510 -0.0882 -0.0137 -0.00216 0.0824 0.0782 1.8744 1.5331
34 0.7885 0.0953 0.5447 0.7209 0.0601 -0.0425 0.0877 0.0671 0.0202 0.0190 0.5387 0.3157
35 0.6931 0.1823 0.5404 0.7159 0.0552 -0.0340 0.0755 0.0711 0.0180 0.0170 0.5295 0.3091
36 1.2030 -0.2231 0.4828 0.6473 0.1177 -0.0867 0.1381 0.0631 0.0352 0.0311 0.4501 0.2641
37 0.6419 -0.0513 -0.8989 -1.0883 0.0647 -0.1423 0.0617 0.1025 0.0597 0.0559 1.2404 0.8639
38 0.6419 -0.2877 -0.4874 -0.6529 0.1000 -0.1395 0.1032 0.1397 0.0293 0.0264 0.4526 0.2639
39 0.4855 0.2624 0.7053 0.8987 0.0531 0.0326 0.0190 0.0489 0.0295 0.0279 0.8355 0.5254


Since ODS Graphics is enabled, influence plots are displayed in Outputs Output 58.6.3 through Output 58.6.5. For general information about ODS Graphics, see Chapter 21: Statistical Graphics Using ODS. For specific information about the graphics available in the LOGISTIC procedure, see the section ODS Graphics. The vertical axis of an index plot represents the value of the diagnostic, and the horizontal axis represents the sequence (case number) of the observation. The index plots are useful for identification of extreme values.

The index plots of the Pearson residuals and the deviance residuals (Output 58.6.3) indicate that case 4 and case 18 are poorly accounted for by the model. The index plot of the diagonal elements of the hat matrix (Output 58.6.3) suggests that case 31 is an extreme point in the design space. The index plots of DFBETAS (Output 58.6.5) indicate that case 4 and case 18 are causing instability in all three parameter estimates. The other four index plots in Outputs Output 58.6.3 and Output 58.6.4 also point to these two cases as having a large impact on the coefficients and goodness of fit.

Output 58.6.3: Residuals, Hat Matrix, and CI Displacement C


Output 58.6.4: CI Displacement CBar, Change in Deviance and Pearson Chi-Square


Output 58.6.5: DFBETAS Plots


Other versions of diagnostic plots can be requested by specifying the appropriate options in the PLOTS= option. For example, the following statements produce three other sets of influence diagnostic plots: the PHAT option plots several diagnostics against the predicted probabilities (Output 58.6.6), the LEVERAGE option plots several diagnostics against the leverage (Output 58.6.7), and the DPC option plots the deletion diagnostics against the predicted probabilities and colors the observations according to the confidence interval displacement diagnostic (Output 58.6.8). The LABEL option displays the observation numbers on the plots. In all plots, you are looking for the outlying observations, and again cases 4 and 18 are noted.

ods graphics on;
proc logistic data=vaso plots(only label)=(phat leverage dpc);
   model Response=LogRate LogVolume;
run;
ods graphics off;

Output 58.6.6: Diagnostics versus Predicted Probability


Output 58.6.7: Diagnostics versus Leverage


Output 58.6.8: Three Diagnostics