This example analyzes mean daily temperatures of selected US cities in January and July. Both the raw data and the principal components are plotted to illustrate that principal components are orthogonal rotations of the original variables.
The following statements create the Temperature
data set:
data Temperature; length CityId $ 2; title 'Mean Temperature in January and July for Selected Cities'; input City $ 1-15 January July; CityId = substr(City,1,2); datalines; Mobile 51.2 81.6 Phoenix 51.2 91.2 Little Rock 39.5 81.4 Sacramento 45.1 75.2 Denver 29.9 73.0 ... more lines ... Cheyenne 26.6 69.1 ;
The following statements plot the Temperature
data set. The variable Cityid
instead of City
is used as a data label in the scatter plot to avoid label collisions.
title 'Mean Temperature in January and July for Selected Cities'; proc sgplot data=Temperature; scatter x=July y=January / datalabel=CityId; run;
The results are displayed in Output 79.1.1, which shows a scatter plot of the 64 pairs of data points in which July temperatures are plotted against January temperatures.
The following step requests a principal component analysis of the Temperature
data set:
ods graphics on; title 'Mean Temperature in January and July for Selected Cities'; proc princomp data=Temperature cov plots=score(ellipse); var July January; id CityId; run;
Output 79.1.2 displays the PROC PRINCOMP output. The standard deviation of January
(11.712) is higher than the standard deviation of July
(5.128). The COV option in the PROC PRINCOMP statement requests that the principal components be computed from the covariance
matrix. The total variance is 163.474. The first principal component accounts for about 94% of the total variance, and the
second principal component accounts for only about 6%. The eigenvalues sum to the total variance.
Note that January
receives a higher loading on Prin1
because it has a higher standard deviation than July
. Also note that the PRINCOMP procedure calculates the scores by using the centered variables rather than the standardized
variables.
The PLOTS=SCORE option in the PROC PRINCOMP statement requests a plot of the second principal component against the first
principal component, as shown in Output 79.1.3. It is clear from this plot that the principal components are orthogonal rotations of the original variables and that the
first principal component has a larger variance than the second principal component. In fact, the first component has a larger
variance than either of the original variables, July
and January
. The ellipse indicates that Miami, Phoenix, and Portland are possible outliers.