The GLIMMIX Procedure
-
Overview
-
Getting Started
-
SyntaxPROC GLIMMIX StatementBY StatementCLASS StatementCODE StatementCONTRAST StatementCOVTEST StatementEFFECT StatementESTIMATE StatementFREQ StatementID StatementLSMEANS StatementLSMESTIMATE StatementMODEL StatementNLOPTIONS StatementOUTPUT StatementPARMS StatementRANDOM StatementSLICE StatementSTORE StatementWEIGHT StatementProgramming StatementsUser-Defined Link or Variance Function
-
DetailsGeneralized Linear Models TheoryGeneralized Linear Mixed Models TheoryGLM Mode or GLMM ModeStatistical Inference for Covariance ParametersDegrees of Freedom MethodsEmpirical Covariance ("Sandwich") EstimatorsExploring and Comparing Covariance MatricesProcessing by SubjectsRadial Smoothing Based on Mixed ModelsOdds and Odds Ratio EstimationParameterization of Generalized Linear Mixed ModelsResponse-Level Ordering and ReferencingComparing the GLIMMIX and MIXED ProceduresSingly or Doubly Iterative FittingDefault Estimation TechniquesDefault OutputNotes on Output StatisticsODS Table NamesODS Graphics
-
ExamplesBinomial Counts in Randomized BlocksMating Experiment with Crossed Random EffectsSmoothing Disease Rates; Standardized Mortality RatiosQuasi-likelihood Estimation for Proportions with Unknown DistributionJoint Modeling of Binary and Count DataRadial Smoothing of Repeated Measures DataIsotonic Contrasts for Ordered AlternativesAdjusted Covariance Matrices of Fixed EffectsTesting Equality of Covariance and Correlation MatricesMultiple Trends Correspond to Multiple Extrema in Profile LikelihoodsMaximum Likelihood in Proportional Odds Model with Random EffectsFitting a Marginal (GEE-Type) ModelResponse Surface Comparisons with Multiplicity AdjustmentsGeneralized Poisson Mixed Model for Overdispersed Count DataComparing Multiple B-SplinesDiallel Experiment with Multimember Random EffectsLinear Inference Based on Summary DataWeighted Multilevel Model for Survey Data
- References
The GLIMMIX procedure fits statistical models to data with correlations or nonconstant variability and where the response is not necessarily normally distributed. These models are known as generalized linear mixed models (GLMM).
GLMMs, like linear mixed models, assume normal (Gaussian) random effects. Conditional on these random effects, data can have any distribution in the exponential family. The exponential family comprises many of the elementary discrete and continuous distributions. The binary, binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial distributions, for example, are discrete members of this family. The normal, beta, gamma, and chi-square distributions are representatives of the continuous distributions in this family. In the absence of random effects, the GLIMMIX procedure fits generalized linear models (fit by the GENMOD procedure).
GLMMs are useful for the following applications:
-
estimating trends in disease rates
-
modeling CD4 counts in a clinical trial over time
-
modeling the proportion of infected plants on experimental units in a design with randomly selected treatments or randomly selected blocks
-
predicting the probability of high ozone levels in counties
-
modeling skewed data over time
-
analyzing customer preference
-
joint modeling of multivariate outcomes
Such data often display correlations among some or all observations as well as nonnormality. The correlations can arise from repeated observation of the same sampling units, shared random effects in an experimental design, spatial (temporal) proximity, multivariate observations, and so on.
The GLIMMIX procedure does not fit hierarchical models with nonnormal random effects. With the GLIMMIX procedure you select the distribution of the response variable conditional on normally distributed random effects.
For more information about the differences between the GLIMMIX procedure and SAS procedures that specialize in certain subsets of the GLMM models, see the section PROC GLIMMIX Contrasted with Other SAS Procedures.